2016-04-26 EVENT: TX/OK/KS

I think your number 1 is correct. The cap is pretty stout early on, and there is initiation, but there's a ton of dry air not that far up that is choking things off. As Jason points out, probably won't matter, timing will be more important as it still looks like a relatively late show. The 00Z guidance has raised some concerns, but I still expect significant severe.
 
I sat down tonight and hand drew a target area map based on the 20160426/21Z from the 20160425/00Z NAM and another one on the GFS. Spoiler alert – I’m not impressed. I was so unimpressed, I went to read the thread (hadn’t read it in a few days) before posting to see what I was missing before I made a fool of myself. Glad to see I’m not the only one who isn’t exited. Here goes:

The first thing that surprised me was how far north the front was. I had to cheat it south just to fit on my paper map of KS/OK/TX. Both GFS and NAM had the dryline reasonably close to the same spot. Next, I started to draw the CAPE and it was a pleasant find. GFS had 2000+ east of the dryline on my entire map. NAM did too except for a small pocket in SE TX. NAM also had 5000 CAPE in KS!

Everyone has been saying the cap may be the problem. Both the GFS and NAM had a narrow line of no CIN at 4 PM not too far east of the dryline with a larger uncapped region in central to south TX. NAM did have a little wider no cap region in northern KS. In the areas with cap, the GFS made it look breakable in all areas except DFW and east OK, and the NAM made it look breakable except for a narrow band from the DFW to OKC area (although it did brake in DFW when I went forward 3 hrs). I actually thought this was a good thing. The best storms come on days where the cap seems unbreakable and then finally does. I started to think my target area would be along 35 in KS or OK or west of 35 in TX.

I drew deep layer shear next. The NAM seemed to have a good area of deep shear all along the dryline and up to 100 miles east or so of the dryline. The GFS stopped the best deep layer shear in central TX and didn’t extend it into south TX. The GFS also had a wider area of deep layer shear in northern KS.

I tried to draw in low level shear next, and this is where things fell apart. I had to go all the way up to SFC-700 before I found 30+ knot shear. The first 1 or 2 km had around 10 or 15 knots shear. So I drew in the SFC-700 shear. GFS had a corridor from north central OK to the TX border then it when a little west of along the 35 corridor in OK and west of the 35 corridor in TX stopping in central TX. NAM had a very small area from south central OK to around Parker County TX.

I chase partner and I have been on planning taking off work and going out on Tuesday for about a week now. If I were leaving now, I guess I would head towards Wichita Falls, but I will defiantly revaluate that. I hate to take a day of work to chase hail and not see anything else.
 
Right after I posted I went to SPC and looked at the new day 2 outlook, and they couldn't disagree with me more. They are playing the triple point. I went to the 4K NAM (which I hadn't looked at yet) to see where I went wrong. 4K NAM does fire in KS at 20160426/21Z. It fires (better?) starting around 20160427/00Z in TX. What did look like a sure bet a few days ago, may be a frustrating chase for many of us. Am I too focused on low level shear? What am I missing? Maybe I need to go look at observations and soundings....
 
I skimmed your post but I think a lot of people have taken models individually at face value which just isn't very smart to do. You want to take model guidance and apply meteorological theory to it. Having sat with spc people before, it's pretty incredible how much you can predict without any model data data at all.

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Individual deterministic model runs aside, we have a strong mid and upper level storm system colliding with impressive moisture and amazing buoyancy. With any sort of low level shear at all there will be tornadoes, and probably some good ones somewhere, outbreak or not... YOU JUST GOTTA PLAY IT RIGHT. This is why we all spend so much of our time playing the game. If it were easy it wouldn't be fun
 
When you look at the 500 on the 06z NAM VT 03z Wed, I have a tough time there will not be at least
one solid tornadic supercell in n-cntrl OK/s-ctrl KS by 00z. This kind of trough moving in with high CAPE
present? That's a strong vort lobe and good height falls moving in. Sure, there are issues, but I think
it falls into more the scope of the "outbreak". So it may not be of historical/epic proportions, but that
doesn't preclude the decent chance of one or two productive tornadic supercells. Look at the STP
values in n-cntrl OK 03z Wed! Yes, the best show could be just after sunset, but what are you going to do?

namSGP_500_avort_045.gif

stp.png
 
The NAM4km also has seemed to hit a brick wall with the aforementioned dry air entrainment along a 50 mile corridor east from the dryline that's likely tempering the initiation of convection. I have a hard time believing that we need additional forcing for ascent along the dryline to overcome that.

It's been quite awhile since we've seen so many short and mid-range deterministic models flop around each other with such a synoptic slow pitch of a setup. I'd expect this morning's 12Z runs to do significantly better with trough evolution now that it should be getting mostly sampled on the California coast.

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12Z 4KM NAM has a few cells initiating around 5-6pm right along I35 from Orlando OK to just SW of Wichita. One of them appears to become dominant and move over the Ponca city area. Would be worth keeping an eye on and it's not something I can ignore. Having said that, the 4KM NAM has not been performing particularly well. Any thoughts in particular on this latest 12Z run?

Edit: Also weird that it doesn't blow up anything significant in OK until well after dark, then does the same thing in TX, blowing up big time in N Texas.

Making me consider the possibility of a real bust...
 
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Seen this before. The models are shooting blanks right now because the surface features are not yet factored into the mix. I don't think a target area (or higher risk region) can be established until maybe late tomorrow AM. ICT would be my choice as an early staging area, but I'm nixing this chase due to multiple negative factors. I think there will be a brief window somewhere near I-35 before dark when you have a chance with an isolated supercell. No doubt it's going to be a rough night for people east of I-35 in the PM hours -- with not only tornadoes embedded in complexes of severe cells, but with Godzilla hail. I have not spent a lot of time looking further south, but days like tomorrow do pose some risk of an isolated monster between OKC and DFW.
 
The bottom line by your own post is extreme instability + strong jet/neg tilt + trigger mechanism. You don't need strong low level shear with 5000J/KG MLCAPE

Thanks for this Ben! Just before I read your response, I took a look at the 4KNAM from the same period as my target forecast and was beating myself as to why I was thinking the glass was half empty. I looked at several forecast soundings (including the one bellow from southern KS). The first thing that jumped out at me was how can I not get excited about that Skew-T (ignoring the wind barbs). Then I looked at the first 1 or 2 km in the hodo and started to get half empty syndrome. Then I noticed the wind barbs again (40 knots speed shear from 1 -4 km) - maybe the glass is fuller than I thought. Your post made me realize that if we always look for a flaw in a setup, we will probably find it and we would never go out. The other ingredients are just to good to sit at home.
nam4km_2016042500_045_37_39--97_29_southen_KS_sm.png
 
Forecast for this event seems to be focusing on three areas: triple point from ICT northward, OKC, and north TX. I am deciding against the northern targets due to reasons stated by Warren and others.

TTU 3KM WRF
TTU-3kmWRF 042516-06Z run valid 22z 042616 w IDs.jpg

Not too many folks have commented about the southernmost target. Higher resolution models indicate that the first cells outside of the triple point area will fire 22Z-23Z southwest of the DFW metroplex. There seems to be a meso-scale circulation at the surface that develops along the dry line that backs the winds to the east and intensifies dry line processes. Activity increases to scattered cells by 27/00Z and should provide the most time to chase supercells before dark.

4KM NAMM
4kmNAM 042516-12Z run valid 23z 042616 w IDs.jpg

Tornado parameters around 27/00z will not be quite as strong as the more northern targets, but not too bad based on the NAM forecast sounding. Since I am based in Dallas, this should be my best choice on seeing a tornado while minimizing cost in $$ and time.

NAM Forecast Sounding for FTW
NAM sdng 042516-12Z run valid 00z 042716 FTW.jpg
 
I see good moisture, fine instability and a nice trigger in the negatively tilted trough. However, I don't see the wind shear. Maybe some up in Nebraska, but that's too far removed from the rest of the parameters.
 
The triple point in NE and N KS is still the best shear and dynamics IMO. Only issue is that these will be HP cells with crappy motion and organization. Night mare chase with PWs double normal climo. Morning crapvection is also an issue. Target Hastings NE if you dare.
 
It's been hard to get a handle on this setup. It seems as though there has been inertia for a high-end event forecast owing to the early "doomsday" scenario that the GFS and ECMWF were indicating last week. However, there are certainly many signs that this event may not be the particularly robust severe weather outbreak earlier progs indicated. It doesn't look like LCLs or MLCAPE will be issues for a significant severe weather threat, as all models continue to paint a picture supportive of tornadic supercells in that regard. Most of what I'll say will only be meaningful is convection occurs -- I'll leave CI to someone else. ;P

The kinematic side of the equation is much less certain, in my opinion. Some people like to poke around their preferred model forecast site for soundings that look bonkers, and it can be easy to find the "perfect" gridpoint that shows high-end conditions sometimes. However, most soundings I looked at along the dryline in OK and KS (south of I70) from the 12z NAM didn't look particularly supportive of strong/violent tornadoes. At 0z, it looks like 0-1 km SRH may be in the 100-175 m2/s2 range, with very little 1-3 km SRH as a result of a slight S shape to the hodograph (associated with some backing of the winds in the ~800-600 mb layer). Note the forecasts of 700 mb cold air advection at 0z... By 3z, 0-1 km SRH takes off further, but I'm still not seeing some of the really high 0-3 km SRH values we often see with high-end tornado threats (that is, >500 m2/s2). Research has shown that the 0-1 km SRH is often a better predictor of tornadic development than 0-3 km SRH, but I generally don't find it particularly optimal for tornadic occurrence to see near zero or even negative SRH just above the 0-1 km layer (that is, 0-1 km SRH > 0-3 km SRH). I'd imagine that this would be more relevant for storms that have deeper effective inflow layers -- e.g., for those storms in environments that have some CAPE and little/no CINH above 1 km, for which some of the "negative SRH air" will end up in the updraft. Of course, the shear profile / hodograph shape and length can be extremely sensitive to minor changes in wind speed and direction, and SRH can be sensitive to an individual storm's motion (this is a storm-relative quantity by definition). As such, I'd eye the actual SRH values and hodograph shape issues with caution.

Overall, I'm not sure what my game plan may be for tomorrow (if I make one at all). The obvious target to me is the NE/KS border area and southern NE, where the southerly 500 mb winds will at least be atop easterly surface flow. I'm unsure what to think about KS, where nearly meridional mid-tropospheric flow may be above SSW 700 mb flow (leading to dreaded S-shaped hodograph and, always in my experience, some messy strong organization). As we get closer to the base of the trough axis, mid-level flow veers a bit, but the implication of 700 mb cold air advection remains in the hodographs. As Tom noted above, the hodographs in northern Texas (and maybe farther south -- I didn't look south of the DFW area) are back to looking more "classic" without weird looping or other weird shapes. I don't really want to end up feeling like I'm one of 500 chasers watching a storm romp through the northern KS / southern NE area, so I'm inclined to target another area that may not be such a huge magnet for chasers. On the other hand, it's really hard to ignore a broad zone of moist easterlies with substantial CAPE...

This forecast looks like it'll lie in the part of the CAPE and bulk shear parameter space supportive of a widespread severe threat. The threat for long-lived, intense tornadoes remains uncertain in my eyes. Of course, this isn't particularly uncommon -- there are very often caveats preceding severe weather events, even up through the morning of some high-end events.
 
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