2019-04-30 EVENT: OK/KS/AR/MO/IL/IN

Recent trends suggest less convective overturning/debris over Oklahoma this morning, meaning much of the state is probably going to see substantial destabilization by early afternoon. High-resolution model guidance also favors more discrete/semi-discrete storm modes than earlier runs, particularly during the beginning of the event. Moisture will not be a limiting factor, as 06z observations show mid to upper 60s dew-points already up to the Red River along the OK/TX border.

It's still a bit difficult to pinpoint the greatest tornado threat, as early day showers/convective activity may leave one or more outflow boundaries in place. My guess is that the eastern third of Oklahoma is at greatest risk, but if storms initiate ahead of and avoid interaction with the main frontal boundary through late afternoon/early evening, you could see a bonafide tornado farther west across Oklahoma as well.

The southern half of Illinois is still very interesting, as previously mentioned by myself and others. Near-term guidance is rather aggressive with destabilization and storms could get going as early as lunchtime. Storms that interact with the warm front will likely have the greatest potential at producing tornadoes.

I'm not quite sure what to make of the West Texas/Low Rolling Plains threat just yet, in terms of tornadoes. A few storms will probably try to initiate off the dryline, but at least through 21-22z, low to mid-level wind fields look marginal at best and this area will be displaced away from more favorable forcing over Oklahoma and points northeast. This means that any tornado threat would be highly conditional and would largely hinge off of the ability of storms to persist either far enough east and/or late enough (after 23-00z) to take advantage of a gradually intensifying low-level jet. Several convection allowing model solutions show a few isolated storms developing, but not persisting very long.
 
I'm mildly interested in that secondary target down along the Red River and into the Low Rolling Plains/Cross Timbers in Texas. This morning's 12Z FWD sounding has a more sizable 700 mb inversion than surrounding sites that may help temper initiation some before 18Z along with very deep moisture. What concerns me most going forward is that N/NW TX is going to be seeing some subsidence between 700 and 850 mb which will likely cause some less than ideal shear profiles for anything that goes up in the region.

That said, I'm expecting at least a few supercells with the >2500 j/kg MLCAPE and deep moisture/favorable deep-layer shear being progged in the warm sector. Some convection allowing models have been hinting at what appears to be high-based storms further west along the dryline with more persistent, likely surface-based storms initiating to the east and persisting from 21-22Z until an hour or two after sunset. Regardless, a very interesting and difficult forecast outside the main threat area of E OK/SW MO.
 
In reference to the northeastern target, definitely a mesoscale forecasting/NOWcasting type of situation. I don't know how far north the warm front will get, but convective debris may limit destabilization north of I-70. The area south of I-70 seems to be enjoying some sunshine now, as latest mesoanalysis showing burgeoning CAPE south of I-64.

CAMs differ in the extent, location and mode of convection. The NAM 3k seems to be locked on more of a QLCS mode following by a squall line, whereas the HRRR has shown consistent signals of some earlier, discrete convection between I-55 and I-57, as well as a few stronger, albeit less classically discrete cells to the immediate NNE of STL by 21z.

There's definitely plenty of shear INVO the warm front, though better instability dynamics may overlap ambient shear values further south in the open warm sector ahead of the main surface forcing, leaving the I-72 corridor, closer to the front, with more of a linear mode. This may be owed to shear vector and mean wind orientation to the storm initiation focus, particularly above the immediate lowest 1 km, the forcing for ascent along the initiating boundary, as well as a less favorable initial storm spacing and storm interactive environment that tends to lead to the domination of cell in cluster modes.
 
Another target that seems to be turning more interesting is the general area between Amarillo and Lubbock, TX this afternoon. Although low-level winds appear to be relatively weak, I could see an LP supercell or two form in this area. Given favorable deep layer shear and sufficient instability, a supercell storm mode is strongly favored. While the tornado threat may be limited due to less-than-impressive 0-1km winds, if any storm can persist far enough east, better boundary layer moisture is progged roughly east of TX-207. It's a case of a tornado not being the most likely here, but it is not completely out of the realm of possibility.
 
The consistent signal for a few discrete storms crossing the front along the I-70 corridor is encouraging, the limiting factor being the near-orthagonal to the boundary storm motions. Attemps at low-level organization may be short-lived.
 
Taking a look at the 16z special sounding for OUN. 0-1 km SRH looks good. Deep layer shear (0-6) isn't up there yet, but i expect it to increase. There are some breaks in the clouds now so Temps should bump up a few more degrees. Mesonet shows mid 70s to low 80s in the warm sector.

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Farther east in Illinois storms might have a better chance to turn right on a boundary, considering upper level winds (all constant press level forecasts).

Meanwhile the parameter space looks good from SE Kansas into Oklahoma. Despite terrain, I think I'd favor it over farther west. If one strongly favors structure, west will be best. If one is seeking tornadoes, while noting terrain risk, east Oklahoma. SE Kansas might go too but I'm not as into the WF. Appears outflow made it down to I-40 in Oklahoma and is lifting north.

Norman sounding posted while I'm typing is wow. Hodo is almost perfect and that kink at 400 mb is too high to matter. Actually kind of wish I'm out there today!
 
Now that this event is over, I decided to go back and see which CAM did the best job and also, why there weren't potentially more tornadic storms across south central Oklahoma.

First the CAMs (12z and 18z runs)...

The HRRR favored more discrete/semi-discrete cells yesterday and an eventual line around 00-01z. Overall, it showed the areas where the storms would be. The 18z run was a bit more bullish on south central Okla. and missed out on the tornadic storms in SW Missouri. Whereas the 12z run did a pretty good job with SW Missouri and NW Arkansas. Overall, i would say the HRRR did a pretty good job. We can't exactly expect a model to literally tell us where a tornadic storm will be to the nearest km, so yep... HRRR was ok.

The 12z 4km NAM picked up on the early stuff near Ardmore, so a point there. But it quickly went linear with the afternoon storms and seemed to miss SW Missouri / NW Arkansas. the 18z run showed more semi-discrete storms and then an eventual line in Okla. However, it did miss out on MO and AR too. So, i think the HRRR did a better job than the 4km NAM.

The 12z NSSL-WRF picked up the early convection NE of OKC, and then the Ardmore Storm. It then continued to show storms into NE Okla. It show a hot mess across south central Okla during the afternoon that seems to verify quite well. Also, it kept up the discrete/semi-discrete cells in NW AR and SW MO.

So, for the CAMs, I would say the 12z NSSL-WRF did the best job yesterday.

Why weren't there more tornadic storms across central and south central Oklahoma?

We all saw the 16z and 20z OUN soundings yesterday that made our eyes pop and prompted the Moderate Risk upgrade. For the 16z see above. Here is the 20z

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This thing looked great and had me licking my chops. That is a sweet looking hodograph. 0-1 km shear of 34 kt is most excellent. It all seemed there. But then the storms just didn't get cranking like we thought. Yes there was the one discrete cell NE of Wichita Falls, but overall, they never really took off. I fully expected the Lindsay-Norman-Prague storm to at least ramp up to a tornado warning, but no. So what happened???

Well looking at the 00z sounding for OUN you will see that winds at the 300-200mb level backed significantly from westerly to due south. At first, I ignored this as it looks like they literally launched the balloon into a storm. But then I decided to checked other soundings. AMA had the same thing, but not as bad. DDC, same thing, backed SW to S. TOP, you guessed it. On the 00z SGF sounding there was a bit of backing but not as pronounced. Overall the profile above 300 mb was WSW. LZK it was all due west above 300 mb.

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So my theory is that as the trough rotated through the southern plains the "good" winds were pushed off toward the east, and the awesome 20z OUN sounding moved into eastern Oklahoma, NW AR, and SW MO. Central and S. central Oklahoma was left with a sounding that showed backing winds above 400 mb. This likely led anvil seeding and was possibly the reason why we had such messy storm modes in central and s. central OK.

I would love to hear anyone else's thoughts on this.

Thanks
 
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I'm not convinced the pristine storm environment was ever sampled anywhere yesterday, as storms were everywhere pretty much all day. All storms within 100-150 miles of OKC looked messy all day. I suspect the wind profiles were just a little too screwy in even the low-mid levels. I don't necessarily think anvil seeding had much to do with it, as even the more isolated storms still had wonky structure.
 
I don't know of a more appropriate place to ask this question but, will this thread continue into today? 05/01?

The setup seems highly conducive to increasingly complex severe weather potential, and I was just curious if there was another thread I could be linked to with more current discussion.
 
I don't know of a more appropriate place to ask this question but, will this thread continue into today? 05/01?

The setup seems highly conducive to increasingly complex severe weather potential, and I was just curious if there was another thread I could be linked to with more current discussion.

No, each EVENT thread pertains to only one calendar/event day. If you wish to discuss events for Wednesday, May 1st, you will need to post in the EVENT thread for that date, or, if such a thread does not exist for it, create one.
 
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