Storms without Lightning & Thunder?

[MikeD]

Last night(November 5, 2017), at 1:48 AM CDT, a squall line moved through western TN. There was strong wind and heavy rain, but no lightning and thunder. Is there such a thing?

I’m thinking of two possibilities:

1. The squall line was all nimbostratus. (Not likely at all)

2. Cb clouds produced no lightning or thunder. (Not likely either)

Can someone explain what happened? I searched through the internet but couldn’t find anything.

 

[John Farley]

Probably 2. There are others here who know a lot more about lightning than I do, but the likely explanation is that, although you did have CB, there was not enough temperature contrast to get lightning. Warm cloud bases combined with frozen cloud tops, usually with graupel present in the clouds, are the type of condition where you get lightning. In this case, although the storm process was convective, I would guess that the cloud bases were not particularly warm (it was night in November, after all) while the cloud height may have been somewhat shallow resulting in less cold cloud tops. So not enough temperature contrast from bottom to top of the clouds to get much in the way of lightning, even though the clouds were convective.

 

[Dan Robinson]

To add to John's points, low-topped convection can produce all types of severe weather without lightning. It is usually during low-CAPE, high shear days during the cool season (fall through early spring). It is also common for "cold core" tornado days to have little or no lightning.

 

[Jeff Duda]

First, you need ice phase hydrometeors to get lightning. If cloud tops were short enough so that there was no ice in the cloud, you will not get lightning.

Second, even if you do get ice phase particles, they need to interact to build up charge separation. If instability and subsequent updrafts are very weak, there may not be enough motion within the cloud to get sufficient levels of charge separation and thus insufficient potential for lightning.

Third, it's possible there was lightning but you didn't see it nor hear the thunder either because
-it was too distant
-the thunder was covered by other sounds
If you have quantitative evidence in the form of NLDN or GLM data proving otherwise, then I would bet there actually was some amount of lightning, but you just didn't notice it.

 

[Paul Knightley]

We quite often get squall lines in the UK with little or no lightning. As well as what has been mentioned above, sometimes very shallow convection occurs at the leading edge of a 'surge' of cool/cold air - such 'forced' convection (which is really just almost stable air being rapidly lifted in the lowest 1-2kms of the atmosphere) can lead to very heavy rain and strong winds, but no lightning. E.g. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/training/jets/narrow.html

 

[MikeD]

Thanks to all that have replied. Another question: is it possible to have a squall line composed of only nimbostratus?

A more advanced question: what happens when a supercell gets surrounded by a squall line? Example: a multiple tornado-producing supercell is going NE at 10kts, but a squall line comes up about 2km behind it and travels at 40kts. That squall line engulfs the lone supercell.

 

[rdale]

1) No, as stratus implies non-convective activity.

2) Depends, but usually the supercell is absorbed by the line and the tornado threat ends.

 

[Alex Elmore]

A more advanced question: what happens when a supercell gets surrounded by a squall line? Example: a multiple tornado-producing supercell is going NE at 10kts, but a squall line comes up about 2km behind it and travels at 40kts. That squall line engulfs the lone supercell.

As rdale said, it seems like most of the time the supercell will become absorbed by the line or weaken/diminish prior to the line intercepting it. However, there are some cases where the interaction between the squall line and supercell will produce a tornado or bow echo/wind damage. One of the more well-known cases is the Hunstville, AL tornado on November 15, 1989. Also, if anyone wants to do some reading, squall line and supercell mergers have been formally researched here: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00058.1

 

[MikeD]

I’m not sure, but I’ve read somewhere that one time, a bow echo hit a supercell(classic), the bow echo rapidly weakened, and the supercell moved from classic to high-precipitation, while producing more tornadoes.

 

[rdale]

That doesn't seem likely - as noted in the article above the rotation is going to be disrupted if the bow echo has any structure to it.

 

[Alex Elmore]

I’m not sure, but I’ve read somewhere that one time, a bow echo hit a supercell(classic), the bow echo rapidly weakened, and the supercell moved from classic to high-precipitation, while producing more tornadoes.

The situation you described actually occurred in eastern Oklahoma during the evening of April 17, 1995: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0492:WRDOSB>2.0.CO;2

I would say that situation is pretty rare. Typically the squall line/bow echo is going to win out. If tornadoes occur after the merger and after the supercell diminishes, they're going to be tied to shallow mesovortices associated with the leading edge of the line. These are common in squall lines and occur regardless of a merger.

 

[MikeD]

It was that article that I read(some of it)!

Why did a large mesoscale convection develop?

 

[Alex Elmore]

Why did a large mesoscale convection develop?

I'm sorry, but I'm not quite sure I understand your question.

 

[MikeD]

I'm sorry, but I'm not quite sure I understand your question.

In the article, after the hp supercell merged with the bow echo, the rotating mesocyclone evolved to become more of a widespread rotation concentrated in the top-middle of the new supercell. Why/how did the mesocyclone evolve to become a larger mesoscale convection?

 

[Jeff Duda]

a larger mesoscale convection?

Such a term does not exist. Are you perhaps thinking of "mesoscale convective system" or "mesoscale convective vortex"? Try perusing the AMS glossary (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page) to check some definitions.

 

[MikeD]

Such a term does not exist. Are you perhaps thinking of "mesoscale convective system" or "mesoscale convective vortex"? Try perusing the AMS glossary (http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page) to check some definitions.

You get the idea. Right?

Why are people so toxic now?

 

[Devin Pitts]

Why are people so toxic now?

I don't think he was being toxic? Or is correcting an error toxic now? From reading the article, I assume you meant large mesoscale "circulation". What I'm getting from the article is that rather than the bow echo overtaking the supercell, the two merged and ultimately created something like a miniature MCV with embedded mesocyclones producing tornadoes within the larger circulation.

 

[MikeD]

Ok. Thanks! Last thing(s). I promise! Where do tornadoes occur in bow echoes, and why didn’t the supercell just become embedded(not combined with the bow echo)?

 

[John Farley]

Usually tornadoes in bow echoes are associated with mesovortices that develop along the leading edge of the bow echo, usually from the apex of the bow echo northward. Sometimes these mesovortices form where the bow echo interacts with some kind of pre-existing boundary from another storm, such as an outflow boundary. Tornadoes can also occur with circulations that form at the northern end of the bow echo; these are sometimes referred to as bow-head tornadoes. And as discussed above, tornadoes can occur if a supercell that initially formed ahead of the line is absorbed into a bow echo or squall line. I am not exactly sure what you mean by the difference between becoming embedded in and combined with the bow echo; to me these terms refer to a similar process.

 

[Nick Dewhirst]

As rdale said, it seems like most of the time the supercell will become absorbed by the line or weaken/diminish prior to the line intercepting it. However, there are some cases where the interaction between the squall line and supercell will produce a tornado or bow echo/wind damage. One of the more well-known cases is the Hunstville, AL tornado on November 15, 1989. Also, if anyone wants to do some reading, squall line and supercell mergers have been formally researched here: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00058.1

A very prominent case I’ve seen this was exhibited on July 19, 2019 in northern Wisconsin. Moderate risk was issued by SPC for both significant tornadoes and very significant wind damage. PDS severe thunderstorm watch was also issued for gusts up to 105 MPH.

A powerful supercell that had a history of producing tornadoes and very large hail, moving east-northeast around 35 MPH, merged with the main squall line that was moving east-southeast around 40-50 MPH. Once the supercell and the northern portion of the squall line, and pronounced bowing segment was observed northwest of Green Bay. A 60 mile long, up to 10 mile wide significant damage swath occurred. Nearly complete forest blowdowns were viewed in a large areas from NWS damage surveyors in helicopters. Wind gusts were estimated around 100 MPH.

Perhaps the RFD in the supercell enhanced the already very strong rear-inflow jet in this segment? I’m not completely sure if this is logical, but I think it’s very possible this occurs.

 

[Marshall Stoner]

A very prominent case I’ve seen this was exhibited on July 19, 2019 in northern Wisconsin. Moderate risk was issued by SPC for both significant tornadoes and very significant wind damage. PDS severe thunderstorm watch was also issued for gusts up to 105 MPH.

A powerful supercell that had a history of producing tornadoes and very large hail, moving east-northeast around 35 MPH, merged with the main squall line that was moving east-southeast around 40-50 MPH. Once the supercell and the northern portion of the squall line, and pronounced bowing segment was observed northwest of Green Bay. A 60 mile long, up to 10 mile wide significant damage swath occurred. Nearly complete forest blowdowns were viewed in a large areas from NWS damage surveyors in helicopters. Wind gusts were estimated around 100 MPH.

Perhaps the RFD in the supercell enhanced the already very strong rear-inflow jet in this segment? I’m not completely sure if this is logical, but I think it’s very possible this occurs.

I think this probably does happen. I think the resulting bookend-vortex can continue to gather vorticity by a mechanism very different from the tilting of horizontal vorticity mechinism that's fundamental in the initial development of supercell mesocyclones though. It's a bit analogous to the transition of a hurricane to an extratropical cyclone. Not in the literal physical sense of course, but in the sense that rotation persists throughout a transition period where the dynamic mechanism feeding/maintianing the system morphs into an entirely different mode.